This makes it very difficult to transfer orbital angular momentum solely to an atom's electrons. One way to overcome this difficulty is to shrink the wavelength of light. But that increases the ...

Ferroelectrics are a class of materials that exhibit so-called spontaneous electric polarization, which is the separation of ...

In this module we will introduce the course on the theory of angular momentum and then introduce the quantum mechanical definition of orbital momentum. We will then use the spherical harmonics to ...

By combining orthogonally polarized Bessel beams (zeroth- and first-order) with orbital angular momentum (OAM), the device ...