First messengers mainly refer to extracellular ligands or cytokines that activate receptors, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, lymphokines, growth factors and chemical inducers.

Les plus anciens témoignages connus d’observations d’ordre immunologique datent de 430 avant Jésus-Christ. À cette date, pendant l’épidémie de fièvre typhoïde qui sévit à Athènes durant la guerre du ...

Tumors often arise in chronically inflamed, and thus immunologically highly active niches. While immune cells are able to recognize and remove transformed cells, tumors eventually escape the control ...