WASHINGTON—President Trump proposed slashing more than $160 billion from projects that support renewable energy, education and foreign aid, kicking off a budget fight with Democrats reluctant to pare back federal spending and Republicans eager to boost funding at the Pentagon.

President Donald Trump released a budget request Friday that would dramatically slash some federal spending, the initial step in a monthslong process that will include heated debate on Capitol Hill as both political parties work toward a final government funding agreement.

According to a 46-page discretionary spending request sent by the Office of Management and Budget to the Senate Committee on Appropriations, the Trump administration is looking to slash the budget of the embattled Department of Housing and Urban Development by $33.6 billion in the next fiscal year.