The term pH is short for “potential of hydrogen ... which is then turned into acetic acid by bacteria. Acetic acid makes vinegar strongly acidic, with a typical pH of 2–3 (4).

The theoretical data obtained was in excellent agreement with experiment, proposing the reaction mechanism, where a molecule of acetic acid serves as a proton shuttle, transferring the hydrogen ...

The novel process turns bioethanol into clean hydrogen and acetic acid, a substance found in vinegar that is also used in the chemicals, food and pharmaceutical industries. Most hydrogen is ...